Fastener & Metal Density Resources
Standard metallurgical densities, thread pitch dimensions, and volume formulas utilized across our calculation algorithms according to ISO, DIN, and ASME specifications.
1. Standard Industrial Metal Densities
Physical density metrics applied to convert net volumetric measurements into theoretical mass.
| Material / Alloy | Standard Designation | Density (g/cm³) | Density (kg/m³) | Primary Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild Steel (MS) / Carbon Steel | AISI 1018 / IS 2062 | 7.85 | 7,850 | Structural bolts, Grade 4.6/8.8 hex fasteners, general engineering |
| Stainless Steel 304 (A2) | AISI 304 / EN 1.4301 | 8.00 | 8,000 | Corrosion-resistant fasteners, food industry, outdoor assemblies |
| Stainless Steel 316 (A4) | AISI 316 / EN 1.4401 | 8.00 | 8,000 | Marine hardware, chemical processing plants, high-chloride areas |
| Copper | C11000 (ETP Copper) | 8.96 | 8,960 | Electrical ground studs, conductive terminals, thermal fixtures |
| Brass (Commercial Yellow) | CW614N / C36000 | 8.50 | 8,500 | Plumbing bolts, architectural brass screws, non-sparking assemblies |
| Aluminium (Commercial Alloy) | Alloy 6061-T6 / 7075 | 2.70 | 2,700 | Lightweight automotive bolts, aerospace components, heatsink mounts |
| Titanium (Grade 5) | Ti-6Al-4V / ASTM B348 | 4.51 | 4,510 | High-strength lightweight aerospace fasteners, racing motorsport bolts |
| Zinc (Die-Casting Alloy) | Zamak 3 / Zamak 5 | 7.14 | 7,140 | Cast fasteners, electrical conduits, specialty protective fixtures |
2. Weight Calculation Formulas & Analytical Geometry
How theoretical weight is derived from geometric standard models.
Pitch Cylinder Effective Diameter ($d_2$)
Rather than calculating a solid cylinder using nominal diameter ($d$), a fully threaded bolt possesses alternating 60° V-grooves and thread ridges. According to thread geometry, the effective diameter where material volume balances thread void is:
Where $d$ is nominal diameter in mm, and $P$ is the thread pitch in mm.
Regular Hexagonal Prism Head Volume
The volume of a regular hexagon across flats ($s$) and head height ($k$), adjusted for standard top chamfering (approx 5% volume reduction):
Where $s$ is width across flats (AF) and $k$ is standard nominal head height.
3. Metric Coarse Thread Dimensional Standards (DIN 933 / ISO 4017)
Key dimensions for metric hex bolts and matching hex nuts (M5 to M52).
| Size | Nominal Dia ($d$) | Pitch ($P$) | Hex Head AF ($s$) | Head Height ($k$) | Nut Height ($m$) | Allen Socket ($s$) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M5 | 5.0 mm | 0.80 mm | 8.0 mm | 3.5 mm | 4.0 mm | 4.0 mm |
| M6 | 6.0 mm | 1.00 mm | 10.0 mm | 4.0 mm | 5.0 mm | 5.0 mm |
| M8 | 8.0 mm | 1.25 mm | 13.0 mm | 5.3 mm | 6.5 mm | 6.0 mm |
| M10 | 10.0 mm | 1.50 mm | 17.0 mm | 6.4 mm | 8.0 mm | 8.0 mm |
| M12 | 12.0 mm | 1.75 mm | 19.0 mm | 7.5 mm | 10.0 mm | 10.0 mm |
| M16 | 16.0 mm | 2.00 mm | 24.0 mm | 10.0 mm | 13.0 mm | 14.0 mm |
| M20 | 20.0 mm | 2.50 mm | 30.0 mm | 12.5 mm | 16.0 mm | 17.0 mm |
| M24 | 24.0 mm | 3.00 mm | 36.0 mm | 15.0 mm | 19.0 mm | 19.0 mm |
| M30 | 30.0 mm | 3.50 mm | 46.0 mm | 18.7 mm | 24.0 mm | 22.0 mm |
| M36 | 36.0 mm | 4.00 mm | 55.0 mm | 22.5 mm | 29.0 mm | 27.0 mm |
| M42 | 42.0 mm | 4.50 mm | 65.0 mm | 26.0 mm | 34.0 mm | 32.0 mm |
| M48 | 48.0 mm | 5.00 mm | 75.0 mm | 30.0 mm | 38.0 mm | 36.0 mm |
4. Imperial UNC Thread Specifications (ASME / ANSI B18.2.1)
Threads Per Inch (TPI) and dimensional reference for unified coarse fasteners.
| Nominal Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Threads Per Inch (TPI) | Hex Head AF | Head Height | Nut Height |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/4" | 0.2500" (6.35 mm) | 20 UNC | 7/16" | 5/32" | 7/32" |
| 5/16" | 0.3125" (7.94 mm) | 18 UNC | 1/2" | 13/64" | 17/64" |
| 3/8" | 0.3750" (9.53 mm) | 16 UNC | 9/16" | 15/64" | 21/64" |
| 1/2" | 0.5000" (12.70 mm) | 13 UNC | 3/4" | 5/16" | 7/16" |
| 5/8" | 0.6250" (15.88 mm) | 11 UNC | 15/16" | 25/64" | 35/64" |
| 3/4" | 0.7500" (19.05 mm) | 10 UNC | 1-1/8" | 15/32" | 41/64" |
| 7/8" | 0.8750" (22.23 mm) | 9 UNC | 1-5/16" | 35/64" | 3/4" |
| 1" | 1.0000" (25.40 mm) | 8 UNC | 1-1/2" | 39/64" | 55/64" |
| 1-1/4" | 1.2500" (31.75 mm) | 7 UNC | 1-7/8" | 25/32" | 1-1/16" |
| 1-1/2" | 1.5000" (38.10 mm) | 6 UNC | 2-1/4" | 15/16" | 1-9/32" |